Computerized Library System Essay

Chromosomal aberrations ar disruptions in the principle chromosomal limit of a cell and be a major cause of transmittable characterizes in humans, such as complicate syndrome, although most(prenominal) aberrations bind exact to no effect. more or less chromo most abnormalities do non cause disease in carriers, such as translo blareions, or chromosomal inversions, although they whitethorn jot to a higher chance of bearing a child with a chromo few disorder. irregular numbers of chromosomes or chromosome sets, c wholeed aneuploidy, whitethorn be lethal or may give rise to genetic disorders. Genetic counseling is offered for families that may go for a chromosome re organisation. The gain or loss of DNA from chromosomes can lead to a variety of genetic disorders. Human examples ack directlyledge * Cri du chat, which is caused by the swing of part of the short arm of chromosome 5. Cri du chat means cry of the cat in French the condition was so-named because affected ba bies make high-pitched cries that last like those of a cat. Affected individuals shed wide-set eyes, a small conduce and jaw, moderate to repelling mental health issues, and are very short.* down feather syndrome, the most common trisomy, unremarkably caused by an purposeless replica of chromosome 21 (trisomy 21). Characteristics include decreased muscle t i, stockier build, asymmetrical skull, slanting eyes and pocket-sized to moderate developmental deadening.51 * Edwards syndrome, or trisomy-18, the second gear-most-common trisomy.citation neededSymptoms include labour retardation, developmental disability and numerous congenital anomalies causing serious health problems. Ninety share of those affected die in infancy. They wipe out characteristic clenched hold and overlapping fingers. * Isodicentric 15, besides called idic(15), partial tetrasomy 15q, or modify duplication 15 (inv dup 15). * Jacobsen syndrome, which is very rare. It is also called the terminal 11q undercut disorder.52Those affected have normal intelligence or mild developmental disability, with poor expressive verbiage skills. Most have a hemorrhage disorder called Paris-Trousseau syndrome. * Klinefelters syndrome (XXY). men with Klinefelter syndrome are commonly sterile, and tend to be taller and have longer mail and legs than their peers. Boys with the syndrome are often shy and quiet, and have a higher relative incidence of speech delay and dyslexia. Without testoster 1 treatment, some may develop gynecomastia during puberty. * Patau Syndrome, also called D-Syndrome or trisomy-13. Symptoms are somewhat similar to those of trisomy-18, without the characteristic folded hand.* Small pointless sign chromosome. This means there is an additional, abnormal chromosome. Features depend on the origin of the purposeless genetic stuff and nonsense. Cat-eye syndrome and isodicentric chromosome 15 syndrome (or Idic15) are both caused by a supernumerary scoring chromosome, as is Pallister-Killian syndrome. * Triple-X syndrome (XXX). XXX girls tend to be tall and comminuted and have a higher incidence of dyslexia. * Turner syndrome (X instead of XX or XY). In Turner syndrome, female sexual characteristics are pose but underdeveloped. Females with Turner syndrome often have a short stature, humble-down hairline, abnormal eye features and bone development and a caved-in countance to the chest. * XYY syndrome. XYY boys are usually taller than their siblings.Like XXY boys and XXX girls, they are more likely to have learning difficulties. * Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome, which is caused by partial deletion of the short arm of chromosome 4. It is characterized by wicked step-up retardation and severe to profound mental health issues. Cri du chat syndrome, also cognise as chromosome 5p deletion syndrome, 5p minus syndrome or Lejeunes syndrome, is a rare genetic disorder collectible to a missing part ofchromosome 5. Its name is a French term (cat-cry or ca ll of the cat) referring to the characteristic cat-like cry of affected children. It was first described by Jrme Lejeune in 1963.1 The condition affects an estimated 1 in 50,000 drop dead births, strikes all ethnicities, and is more common in females by a 43 ratio.Signs and symptomsThe syndrome gets its name from the characteristic cry of affected infants, which is similar to that of a meowing kitten, out-of-pocket to problems with the larynx and nervous system. About 1/3 of children move back the cry by age 2. early(a) symptoms of cri du chat syndrome may include* feeding problems because of difficulty swallowing and sucking.* low birth weight and poor growth.* severe cognitive, speech, and motor delays.* behavioral problems such as hyperactivity, aggression, tantrums, and repetitive movements.* unusual seventh cranial nerve features which may change over time.* excessive drooling.* constipation.-GeneticsCri du chat syndrome is ascribable to a partial deletion of the short ar m of chromosome number 5, also called 5p monosomy. Approximately 90% of cases results from a sporadic, or randomly-occurring, de novo deletion. The remaining 10-15% are due to unequal segregation of a parental balanced translocation where the 5p monosomy is often attach to by a trisomic portion of the genome. These individuals may have more severe disease than those with isolated monosomy of 5p. Most cases involve total loss of the most distant 20-10% of the material on the short arm. Fewer than 10% of cases have separate rare cytogenetic aberrations (e.g., interstitial deletions, Mosaicisms, rings and de novo translocations).The deleted chromosome 5 is agnatic in origin in to the highest gunpoint 80% of de novo cases. Loss of a small piece in band 5p15.2 (cri du chat vital region) correlates with all the clinical features of the syndrome with the exception of the catlike cry, which maps to band 5p15.3 (catlike overcritical region). The results suggest that 2 noncontiguous c ritical regions contain genes involved in this conditions etiology. Two genes in these regions, Semaphorine F (SEMA5A) and delta catenin(CTNND2), are potentially involved in cerebral development. The deletion of the telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) gene localized in 5p15.33 may total to the phenotypic changes in cri du chat syndrome as well.people with cri du chat syndrome fell syndrome (DS) or Downs syndrome, also known as trisomy 21, is achromosomal condition caused by the movement of all or part of a ordinal copy ofchromosome 21.1 Down syndrome is the most common chromosome abnormality in humans.2 It is typically associated with a delay in cognitive ability (mental retardation, or MR) and physiologic growth, and a particular set of facial characteristics.1 The average IQ of tender adults with Down syndrome is around 50, compared to children without the condition with an IQ of 100.13 (MR has historically been defined as an IQ below 70.) A large proportion of individua ls with Down syndrome have a severe degree of intellectual disability.GeneticsKaryotype for trisomy Down syndrome. let out the three copies of chromosome 21 Down syndrome disorders are based on having as well many copies of the genes located on chromosome 21. In general, this leads to an overexpression of the genes.54 Understanding the genes involved may help to target medical treatment to individuals with Down syndrome. It is estimated that chromosome 21 contains cc to 250 genes.55 Recent research has identified a region of the chromosome that contains the main genes prudent for the pathogenesis of Down syndrome.56 The unneeded chromosomal material can come about in several distinct ways. A typical human karyotype is designated as 46,XX or 46,XY, indicating 46 chromosomes with an XX arrangement typical of females and 46 chromosomes with an XY arrangement typical of males.57 In 12% of the sight Down syndromes.58 some of the cells in the body are normal and other(a) cells have t risomy 21, this is called photomosaic Down syndrome (46,XX/47,XX,+21).5960 Trisomy 21Trisomy 21 (47,XX,+21) is caused by a meiotic nondisjunction event. With nondisjunction, agamete (i.e., a sperm or egg cell) is produced with an extra copy of chromosome 21 the gamete olibanum has 24 chromosomes. When combined with a normal gamete from the other parent, the embryo now has 47 chromosomes, with three copies of chromosome 21. Trisomy 21 is the cause of approximately 95% of observed Down syndromes, with 88% climax from nondisjunction in the maternal gamete and 8% coming from nondisjunction in the paternal gamete.58 The actual Down syndrome critical region encompasses chromosome bands 21q22.1-q22.3.61Edwards syndrome (also known as Trisomy 18 (T18) or Trisomy E) is a genetic disordercaused by the presence of all or part of an extra 18th chromosome. It is named after caper H. Edwards, who first described the syndrome in 1960.1 It is the second most commonautosomal trisomy, after Down s yndrome, that carries to term. Edwards syndrome occurs in around one in 6,000 go bad births and around 80 percent of those affected are female.2 The majority of fetuses with the syndrome die before birth.2The incidence increases as the finds age increases. The syndrome has a very low rate of survival, resulting from knocker abnormalities, kidney mal variateations, and other internal organ disorders.Signs and symptomsChildren born with Edwards syndrome may have some or all of the following characteristics kidney malformations, structural heart defects at birth (i.e., ventricular septal defect, atrial septal defect, unpatterned ductus arteriosus), intestines protruding outside the body (omphalocele), esophageal atresia, mental retardation, developmental delays, growth deficiency, feeding difficulties, breathing difficulties, and arthrogryposis (a muscle disorder that causes multiple joint contractures at birth).34 Some physical malformations associated with Edwards syndrome includ e small head (microcephaly) accompanied by a prominent back portion of the head (occiput) low-set, malformed ears abnormally small jaw (micrognathia) cleft lip/cleft palate tip-tilted nose narrow eyelid folds (palpebral fissures) widely spaced eyes (ocular hypertelorism) drooping of the upper eyelids (ptosis) a short breast bone clenched hands choroid coat plexus cysts underdeveloped thumbs and or nails,absent radius, webbing of the second and tertiary toes clubfoot or Rocker bottom feet and in males, undescended testicles. of choroid plexus cysts, which are pockets of fluid on the brain. These are not tangled in themselves, but their presence may be a grade for trisomyGeneticsEdwards syndrome is a chromosomal abnormality characterized by the presence of an extra copy of genetic material on the 18th chromosome, either in whole (trisomy 18) or in part (such as due to translocations). The additional chromosome usually occurs beforeconception. The effects of the extra copy vary gr eatly, depending on the conclusion of the extra copy, genetic history, and chance. Edwards syndrome occurs in all human populations but is more prevalent in female egress.7 A healthy egg and/or sperm cell contains individual chromosomes, each of which contributes to the 23 pairs of chromosomes needed to form a normal cell with a typical human karyotype of 46 chromosomes.Numerical errors can arise at either of the two meiotic divisions and cause the failure of a chromosome to segregate into the daughter cells (nondisjunction). This results in an extra chromosome, making the haploid number 24 rather than 23. Fertilization of ballock or insemination by sperm that contain an extra chromosome results in trisomy, or three copies of a chromosome rather than two.8 Trisomy 18 (47,XX,+18) is caused by a meiotic nondisjunction event. With nondisjunction, a gamete (i.e., a sperm or egg cell) is produced with an extra copy of chromosome 18 the gamete thus has 24 chromosomes. When combined wit h a normal gamete from the other parent, the embryo has 47 chromosomes, with three copies of chromosome 18.with edwards syndromeIsodicentric 15, also called idic(15), partial tetrasomy 15q, or inverted duplication 15 (inv dup 15), is a chromosome abnormalityin which a child is born with extra genetic material from chromosome 15. People with idic(15) are typically born with 47 chromosomes in their body cells, instead of the normal 46. The extra chromosome is made up of a piece of chromosome 15 that has been duplicated end-to-end like a reflect image. It is the presence of this extra genetic material that is thought to account for the symptoms seen in some people with idic(15). Individuals with idic(15) have a total of four copies of this chromosome 15 region instead of the usual two copies (1 copy each on the maternal and paternal chromosomes).The extra chromosome is rarely found in mosaic state, i.e. some of the cells carry the marker chromosome. However, mostly because of the mark ers unstableness and tendency to be lost during cell division (mitosis), some cells are completely normal with 46 chromosomes. Occasionally, cells may have more than one idic(15), resulting in 48 or 49 chromosomes in all or some of their cells. A similar clinical picture albeit to a milder degree could be expected in individuals that have the extra chromosome 15 material as an interstitial duplication not as a marker chromosome thus having 46 chromosomes.12Signs and symptomsIndividuals with idic(15) have delays in language development and motor skills such as walking or sitting up. Other traits may include low muscle tone (hypotonia), seizures, short stature, and mental retardation. typical facial features associated with idic(15) may include epicanthal folds (skin folds at the inner corners of the eyes), a flattened nasal bridge, button nose, and a high arched palate (roof of the mouth). Some individuals with idic(15) also have features of autism, such as problems with communic ation, social interactions, and repetitive and pigeonhole behaviors (e.g., lining up toys, playing with a toy in the corresponding manner over and over again, hand flapping, rocking back and forth). These are some mild features but with a severe person there may be more such as inability to talk at all.GeneticsGenerally, idic(15) is not inherited it is said to appear de novo in one member of the family, by chance. In most cases, the abnormal chromosome is generated in the mothers germ cells oocytes. This finding is due to ascertainment bias i.e. cases with maternally derived idic(15) usually have clinical findings and attract attention but those with paternally derived idic(15) usually do not. Thus, established cases are usually patients with maternally inherited idic (15).4 . The smallest markers appear to be harmless and they may go undetected. However, if they are large plentiful to contain a number of important genes, they may result in idic(15) syndrome which is characterize d by mental retardation, autism and other neurological symptoms.5 One of the regions responsible for the symptoms of idic(15)syndrome is the critical PWS/AS-region named after the Prader-Willi and/or Angelman syndromes.Jacobsen Syndrome, also known as 11q deletion disorder, is a rare congenital disorder resulting from deletion of a terminal region of chromosome 11 that includes band 11q24.1. It can cause intellectual disabilities, a distinctive facial appearance, and a variety of physical problems including heart defects and a bleeding disorder. The syndrome was first identified by Danish physician Petra Jacobsen,1 and is believed to occur in approximately 1 out of every 100,000 births.Possible characteristics* Heart defects* mild-mannered to severe intellectual disabilities* Low-platelets (thrombocytopenia)* Facial/skeletal (dysplasia)* Wide-set eyes caused by trigonocephaly* plica of the skin near the eye (epicanthus)* Short, upturned nose (anteverted nostrils)* Thin lips that skip inward* Displaced receding chin (retrognathia)* Low-set, misshapen ears* Permanent upward bender of the pinkie and ring fingers (camptodactyly)* Large great toes/Hammer toesKlinefelters syndrome, 47, XXY, or XXY syndrome is a condition in which a human has an extra X chromosome. While females have an XX chromosomal makeup, and males an XY, affected individuals have at least two X chromosomes and at least one Y chromosome.1 Because of the extra chromosome, individuals with the condition are usually referred to as XXY Males, or 47, XXY Males.2 This chromosome arrangement (karyotype) exists in roughly between 1500 to 1 deoxyguanosine monophosphate live male births34 but many of these people may not show symptoms. The physical traits of the syndrome become more apparent after the tone-beginning of puberty, if at all.5 In humans, 47,XXY is the most common sex chromosome aneuploidy in males6 and the second most common condition caused by the presence of extra chromosomes. Other ma mmals also have the XXY syndrome, including mice.Patau syndrome, also known as trisomy 13 and trisomy D, is a chromosomalabnormality, a syndrome in which a patient has an additional chromosome 13 due to anondisjunction of chromosomes during meiosis. Some are caused by Robertsonian translocations, while others are caused by mosaic Patau syndrome. The extra chromosome 13 disrupts the normal course of development, causing heart and kidney defects, amongst other features characteristic of Patau syndrome.vague Like allnondisjunction conditions (such as Down syndrome and Edwards syndrome), the risk of this syndrome in the offspring increases with maternal age at pregnancy, with about 31 years be the average.1 Patau syndrome affects somewhere between 1 in 10,000 and 1 in 21,700 live births.