Effect of Agency on Gambling Behaviour in Schizophrenia

offspring of Agency on Gambling Behaviour in schizophrenic psychosis The essence of Agency on Gambling Behaviour in Paranoid dementia praecoxIntroductionOur whiz of position is a form of self-consciousness which allows us to distinguish amongst ourselves and other individuals it makes us aw argon of which thoughts and treats ar our aver (Haggard Chambon 2012). This construct smoke be measured through the use of the kno progressg salad dressing travail (Moore Obhi 2012). When an individual preforms an action that is thence followed by an publication such as an auditory tone, there is a perceived reduction in the length of the interval mingled with the action and the picture. Since this only occurs for actions that are intentional, this phenomena is called intentional grooming and has been suggested as a reliable measure of eonncy (Haggard, Clark Kalogeras 2002).A disturbed understanding of climb onncy is symptomatic of schizophrenia, a longsighted term psycho tic dis holy order marked by severely stricken thinking and ab mean(prenominal) behaviour, including delusions and hallucinations (Andreasen Olsen 1982). Sufferers of the disorder whitethorn either feel that international forces are manoeuverling their actions or thoughts, or they may feel in encounter of events that in fact are not movementd by their actions. Martin (2013) called this escorts of practise long-sufferings form the grandiose delusion that they can instruction some international events by the sole means of their mind.The first intentional binding patient study (Haggard, Martin, Taylor-Clarke, Jeannerod, Franck, 2003) compared the magnitude of intentional binding in patients with schizophrenia to a honorable control meeting. They established that intentional binding was significantly much robust in patients compared to controls. Using the same task, a more novel study (Voss, Moore, Hauser, Gallinat, Heinz Haggard 2010) frame that the predictive compone nt is either withdraw or faulty in schizophrenia, therefore a greater creed on the external effect rather than the intended action leads to hyper-binding. The severeness of positive symptoms, as in the paranoid schizophrenic subtype, was also found to correlate with impairments in action-effect predictions.Various studies prepare documented a risque level of comorbid psychiatric disorders among individuals with gambling disorders, including Schizophrenia. Pathological gambling was first treasure by the APA as an impulse control disorder in 1980, and can be defined as the recurring behaviour of gambling on games of chance despite the resulting negative consequences, leading to the individual becoming unequal to(p) of controlling the time and money spent, even when losing. Research conducted by Desai Potenza (2009) investigated the escort between pathologic gambling and schizophrenia. The researchers interviewed a sample of 337 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia. Using th e DSM-4 criteria for pathological gambling, the researchers found that these patients may be at a itemly mellowed risk 19 percent were classified as either puzzle or pathological gamblers. Just under 10 percent met the diagnosing for pathological gambling, the approximately severe form of the disorder recent studies render estimated the rate among the general population at less than one percent.Wegner and Wheatley (1999) suggested that the sense of agency also plays a role in phenomena such as superstition and gambling, in which individuals pay off subjective control everywhere rebellious entities this is often know as illusion of control. Similar to delusions of activity in schizophrenics, various studies have shown that an irrational sense of personal control oer the outcome, even in games of pure chance, is a accomplishable factor in the maintenance of problem gambling. A study by Moore and Ohtsuka (1999) assessed the association between beliefs about illusion of control or internal locus of control and their relationship to gambling frequency in young people. The results indicated that irrational control beliefs were strongly associated with problem gambling the illusion of internal control over gambling significantly predicted gambling frequency and problem gambling.Toneatto, Blitz-Miller, Calderwood, Dragonetti, Tsanos (1997) found that gain highly on the South Oaks Gambling Screen (Lesieur Blume, 1987) was correlated intimately with exhibiting cognitive distortions during an interview, in which individuals expressed the belief that they are able to control the outcome of their gambling, along with an extravagant level of self-confidence. Heavy gamblers also do more supple attempts to influence the outcome using gambling systems, rituals and superstitions. feel of control over gambling appears to have cultural differences Majamki Pysti (2012) found that Finnish gamblers stress their individual competence and lead to lead more risks than gamblers in France, even in games of chance, imagining a greater sense of control.Taken together, research suggests that Pathological Gamblers may experience a comparable heightened sense of agency to Schizophrenics, in that they exhibit the illusionary idea that they are able to control outcomes which are not inwardly their personal influence. Although the experience of agency between two disorders have not been directly compared, this could perhaps explain the high comorbidity between the two disorders. I therefore shoot for that a disturbed sense of agency will be designate in both schizophrenics and pathological gamblers during a gambling task and may contri moreovere to the development of gambling disorders.MethodsIn order to study the possible effect of agency on pathological gambling in schizophrenia, I intend to use as many participants as possible in order to obtain the largest, most generalizable sample participants will be age and gender matched to eliminate extrane ous variables. I will use the age range of 16-35, encompassing the peak ages of onset and acute psychosis whilst avoiding using minor league for ethical reasons. I will be using a strong control group, a group of pathological gamblers and a group of paranoid schizophrenics, as they present more positive symptoms than the other subtypes, which correlate with experience of activity delusions. In order to participate individuals must have a professional medical diagnosis for their disorder, as well as normal or corrected hearing and eyesight.Firstly, I would like to establish the level of individual sense of agency for each group during an intentional binding task. Following a voluntary or involuntary key press, participants will experience an interval followed by an auditory tone they will then be asked to estimate the length of time between preforming the action and producing the effect in milliseconds. Research has shown that there is a perceived reduction in the length of the inte rval between the action and the effect where the participant believes that they produced the action voluntarily.Secondly, participants would complete a computer gambling task (Rachlin 1986) in order to simulate real life tendency to make a safer or riskier choice during a game of chance. This is a task in which they are asked to choose between two spinning wheels, where the pointer landing on a white coloured section would indicate a monetary win. On one wheel, a win is less likely but twice as substantial, on the second the win is less valuable but more consistent. In order to attach the ecological hardness of the situation and hold the attention of the participant, they will have the opportunity to win the money collected during the task. This task will take place within a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanner. This machine uses the Blood-oxygen-level pendent contrast (Huettel, Song McCarthy (2009) in order to detect changes in rational blood flow during the task, indicating neural activity in different point regions.Results and ImplicationsMy predicted results would be that based on prior research the schizophrenic group will experience substantially more hyperbinding on the intentional binding task than the healthy controls however I also hope to earn the same with the pathological gamblers. Amongst that group, those who experienced the strongest feeling of agency would take the most risks during the task. I would expect to see similar, and greater, patterns of activation in the areas associated with agency, specifically self-agency, during the task in the fMRI machine for the PG and Schizophrenic groups. This would let in the TPJ Precuneus, which has been implicated in a large number of studies during tasks relating to agency (Brass et al. 2009 Nahab et al. 2010 Schnell et al. 2007 Spengler et al. 2009 Yomogida et al. 2010) and has been suggested to contain a implement which allows us to determine mismatches in sensory feedback (T sakiris et al. 2008) and attribution of external cause for events (Seidel et al. 2010). A second area tough is likely to be the dMPFC, active during agency tasks due to its role similar role in predicting events. (Volz et al. 2003, 2004, 2005). Thirdly, I would also expect so see activation in the pre-SMA, which is pertain in the development of intention to create voluntary movements(Picard and Strick 1996). Transcranial magnetic stimulus (tms) supressing neural activity of this area results in a decrease in intentional binding (moore 2010).Although increased blood flow will be present in these areas during all forms of agency experience, these areas have been found to be more strongly associated with external agency attributions therefore it is possible that I will see more activation of these three regions in the healthy control group. This was suggested as the result of a met-analysis performed by Sperduti, Delaveau, Fossati Nadelfound (2011), recognising that the bilateral parochial cortex, premotor and primary somatosensory cortex are only active during the proceeds of voluntary movements (Ciccarelli et al. 2005 Francis et al. 2009 Tatsuya et al. 1999 and therefore experiences of self-agency. The bilateral insular cortex is of particular touch in this study as it has been noted in the impairment of attribution of self-agency in schizophrenic patients, and is correlated with positive symptoms. (Wylie and Tregellas 2010, Voss et al. 2010)Although the high level of comorbidity between Schizophrenia and Pathological Gambling is well documented, the effect of agency has not been studied directly in relation to the disorders, so results are surd to predict. However, this area of study is worthwhile as it establishes the significance of screening patients with Schizophrenia for gambling disorders and helps to detect the aspects of the population that may place these patients at particular threat of developing pathological gambling.Patients who exhibit bo th these disorder have been found to respond less favourably to treatment, and may experience long-life and more frequent durations in hospital, due to poor response and fond regard to medication this increases both the cost and encumbrance to society. Other negative consequences include increased aggression, alcoholism, depression, homelessness and likelihood of becoming a victim of crime. (Green, Drake, Brunette, Noordsy, 2007, Desai Potenza, 2009). The stress caused by gambling disorders, such as financial and relationship problems, may increase the risk of episodes of psychosis. (Borras Huguelet, 2007)Discovering reliable therapies for this group is of importance for future research because up-to-date research trials developing treatment for gambling addictions usually do not permit the inclusion of participant who have been diagnosed with a psychoticdisorder such as Schizophrenia so far there has been no clinical studies of treatments for individuals with these co-occurin g disorders. (Enrique Echeburaa,b,*, Montserrat Gmezc, Montserrat Freixac) 2011. Most significantly, this research could provide insight into the brain regions and theoretical processes involved in the maintenance of gambling disorders, in a population in which it is not only incredibly prevalent but also oddly harmful.

Brief Analysis Of Coca Cola And Pepsico Business Essay

Brief Analysis Of coca sess And Pepsico duty EssayIntroductionThe involvement in corporate neighborly duty, take holdable art practice, corporate governance, occupation ethics, and integrity and compliance management has gr make markedly in the past times decade (Waddock et al., 2002). It is not only stakeholders who necessitate companies to pay greater attention to norms, values and principles companies themselves ar acknowledging the importance of responsible for(p) military control practice (Waddock et al., 2002).But what are a conjunctions responsibilities? It is widely accept that we are in an environmental crisis, no doubt about that. thither is nearly unanimous agreement that the earth is getting warmer, and the consensus in the scientific community is that human activity, especially through activities that emit hydrocarbons, is the chief hold of climate change.Business ethic has become 1 of the strongest news stories of the past decade. Previously renow ned companies such(prenominal) as WorldCom, Enron, Wal-Mart, Google and Starbuck have become unite to a growing trend of unethical argumentation behavior. Nevertheless the environmental issue has created a big impact on todays business organization.The EU has decreed that capitalism, and whence business practice within capitalism, should be environmentally sustainable. Financial success by itself is no commodiouser sustainable thusly EU environmentally friendly business practices are considered a honorable norm and consequently a moral obligation.Although corporations are primarily business organization run for the benefits of the stockholders, they have a wide range fate of responsibilities, to their own employees, to the customers and suppliers, to the communities which are located, and to the confederacy at large. Most corporations recognize these responsibilities and plant a serious elbow grease to fulfill them.Analysis of coca plant- poop and PepsiCoCoca-colaThe Coca- sens Companys website contains sufficient union of information on their segments of corporate governance, ethic, environmental and sustainability issue.Corporate governanceCoca-cola has pull to strive and enforce the establishment of the principles of corporate governance. Corporate governance that has been choose by them is based on the belief that main(prenominal)taining and alter management capability and the fairness and transparency of their corporate activities is of utmost importance.Ethic and environmental SustainabilityCoca-cola precise few guidelines about utilization of water on their business operation. They formulate few objectives which the main aims are to return the water safely to the communities and personality as what the gild consumes for their beverage production. The website alike give tongue to their roles on encountering water-scares problem around the globe.The Companys Website and Case Study RelationThe Coca- dummy Company and WWF had combined their military capability together on preserving nature mainly on conserving water. Several ideas and projects had been stated in order to rectify global water efficiency. Focusing on the river Yangtze in china, their collaboration is vital beca intent it is in line with their coalition main objective.The partnership determination in the Yangtze is to inspire better governance and sustainable river management practices across the basin. Coca- green goddess Companys website.The Coca-Cola Company and WWF initially planned on these trey initiativesSupply Chain Working with the supplier in order to sustain agriculture mainly sugarcane, oranges and corn.Water Stewardship A fresh water preservation relating seven river basins including Yangtze River. The aim is to develop and implement comprehensive water stewardship plans that exit serve as models for the Coca-Cola system.River Basin Conservation To keep the seven hear freshwater basins on which our partnership is focused whic h include Yangtze River.PepsiCoPepsiCo Companys website contains an adequate follow of information on their segments of corporate governance, ethic, environmental and sustainability issue.Corporate GovernanceReferring to the website on corporate governance segment, PepsiCo has adopted strict corporate standards that govern their operations and ensures accountability of their actions. These corporate friendly responsibilities are also do as an integral part of their operations. The website of PepsiCo on corporate government segment comminuted the corporate standards that have been strictly governed to guarantee the accountability of their action.Ethic and Environmental SustainabilityThe successful corporation in 2030 pull up stakes be the one that recognizes the practical outcomes of the global crises we face, and one nimble and tenacious enough to embed this scholarship into their strategy and business processes. INDRA NOOYI, PEPSICO CHAIRMAN AND CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER, MAY 2009The direction by the CEO of PepsiCo above shows the dedication on preserving the environment hence numerous efforts had been through with(p) by them for the past few historic period. Recently PepsiCo had released initiatory water report titled Water Stewardship safe for Business Good for Society which explain the companys commitment to safeguard and replenish water use in their operations thus provide a better environment for future generation. PepsiCo has proclaimed on their website regarding their goal and commitment to protect the Earths rude(a) resources. PepsiCo state that their part as a dynamic global business operator, they exit remain committed in minimizing the impact of their business on the environment.The Companys Website and Case Study RelationPepsiCo and mainland China Womens Development Function had coupled their forces on one purpose, which is to provide a clean water issue and to solve drinking water shortage especially in countryfied areas in China. PepsiCo Foundation had donated a sum of $ 1.5 million on puzzle Water Cellars Project. The objective of the project was to design pilot water yield systems in order to conceive water and at the same time the project aimed to solve the problem on the difficulties of tribe in rural area to obtain safe drinking water.Water Cellar sketch of a water cellarThe main idea of the Water cellar is to accumulate rain and reserve the water for man and farm animals. It is also a kind of water-storing facility in Chinas rural areas.In social intercourse on the case study, the PepsiCo has provide a huge-scale effort and this has been proven by the website and a report title Land of Love, Water Cellar for Mothers done for PepsiCo. They also had launched the project in 2000, and since then many water cellars has been built.PepsiCo rely that the planet is for all human kind to share and is their obligation to be a good citizen to the world. This project may have solves some environmental ethi cal issues that became a responsibilities among the big corporation.Differences in Experience and PerceptionChina conceive Coca-ColaMorality consists of rules of human behavior and also specifies that authoritative actions are haywire while others are right. Actions can be seen and evaluated from moral prospect even in business since they involve human activity (George.R. 2005).Coca Cola has shown concern for the environment in China. The partnership in the midst of Coca Cola and WWF to protect Yangtze River is a non-profit one, which again reiterates Coca Colas concern about environmental issues. According to W. Michael Hoffman, a business has an obligation to keep the environment clean beyond what the law states. Companies should find methods to eradicate environmental problems caused by their production. Teleological ethics theory states that the consequence of an action will tempt whether the action is good or evil. In the case of Coca Cola, if the teleological theory is a pplied, China will view Coca Cola as bad if the latter is polluting the environment.Moreover, Coca Cola owns around 33% of Chinas washing soda marketplace. The companys representatives have predicted that there is still the possibility to grow. Products are being tailored only for the Chinese citizens. Given that Coca Cola is planning to grow, this will create more employment in China. By operating in China, Coca Cola has a moral right towards the government and the citizens, and the company should aim should aim at improving their standard of spiritedness. (Shaw, Barry)However, China shoots to take into consideration what happened in India. The company had to close down for causation water shortages, and also for ignoring social and environmental foundations of consumer trust. A company may have different factories around the world, provided its vision and mission rumor should be the same. Given that we can consider Coca Colas actions as unethical, theres a reason for the Chinese government and citizens to worry about the Coca Cola Company established in China. What has happened in India can again be connected to the teleological ethics theory since the problems caused by Coca Cola has led to the closure of the company. As prescribed in this theory, only the ends or consequences of an action can determine whether the latter is good or evil.Coca-Cola viewing ChinaCoca-Cola has experienced thoughtless ethical troubles with its affiliation amid their stakeholders in China. It is intense to expand its business in china and one of the ways has been the partnership with WWF with targets of creating a relationship of trust favorable in increasing its market in china. The company launched a communion schedule aimed at educating heap along the Yangtze River about environmental concerns, river basin management and water management. This shows the companys intention in exploring the moral responsibility to the community in situations mass overlook enough knowledge about. One of the principles which separate this right action from wrong is utilitarianism which emphasizes on bringing most happiness for everyone if not majority of the people through our actions ( Shaw.W, Barry.V,2010). Hence, this program is beneficial to farmers and the ongoing three Gorges dam grammatical construction which will be providing electricity to the community.Furthermore, Coca Cola is under the large view of corporate social responsibility which identifies this company as one pursuing profits as well as having other responsibilities to its consumers and guild at large. As argued by Konosuke Matsushita any business should make benefit to confederation as its objective and while serving society, profits will be giftd automatically (George.R, 2005). For example the company has helped WWF contri besidese a major role in the Yangtze River Forum through uniting on a recommendation to deliver the Chinese government for implementing pollution regulations, which apparently are fairly uneven in the country.We support the case of Coca Cola viewing China because companies are motivated to become more socially responsible to their most important stakeholders such as consumers and the community because they reckon them to study and address the social issues relevant. In this case, Coca is contributing towards the conservation of the environment through the water security in China.Cross ethnic Ethical Decision-MakingThe business culture of a country is shaped by business practices and ways of thinking over a long point in time of time. Countries such as USA and China have different business cultures and ways of conducting their business partly because of their differences in history. Thus, it is absolutely vital for Coca-Cola and WWF to understand the cultures and practices of the Chinese society. In our point of view, Coca-Cola and WWF have been successful to a certain extent in cross-cultural ethical conclusion making. The Chinese so ciety believes that everything should be in harmony (Kaptein, 2004). The efforts of WWF in collaboration with Coca Cola to clean the waters of the Yangtze River can be viewed as a decision based on the value of harmony within the Chinese society. This effort would thus be viewed as an ethical business conduct and improve the relationship between WWF and Coca Cola and China.The Chinese place heights importance on human relationships or guanxi. As a result, the Chinese strive to work in groups to accomplish a common goal (Pitta, Fung Isberg, 1999). The groups in this scenario include a non-profit organisation, WWF, a profit making organisation, Coca-Cola, and the Chinese society. The common goal of these three groups is to ensure clean water is streak through the lifeblood of millions Chinese, the Yangtze River. Therefore, this is seen as an informed decision by WWF and Coca Cola based on a good grounds of an important Chinese culture.Based on an American culture, business relatio nships can be separate from personal relationships because business transactions are bounded by good contracts (Trevino Brown, 2004). In negotiating contracts and business transactions, signing a contract is seen by Americans as the final stage of business association. However, from the Chinese point of view, friendships are seen as life sentence commitments and as a first step to a deeper and improving relationship. The fact that Coca-Cola has been operating in China for so many years setting up 39 bottling plants is a testimony to Coca-Colas true understanding of the elements of friendship and negotiations within the business conduct of the Chinese society.Communication is seen as a way to bridge the gap that might exist between two different cultures. In their efforts to clean the Yangtze River, WWF and Coca Cola launched parley programs to educate the Chinese communities about environmental issues. According to McWilliams and Siegel, the combination of communication and per suasion can help the understanding of the two parties concerned. This presents WWF and Coca-Cola with cross-cultural benefits as they are able to earn the trust of the Chinese society by making efforts to improve the well being of China as a whole.Recently, the Chinese press were complimenting Coca-Colas effort in sponsoring Project Hope, a program that aims to improve education for disadvantaged children throughout China. The company aims to build carbon Project Hope Schools by 2011. This effort is in line with the Chinese culture of valuing and strengthening relationships. The news also highlighted that Coca Colas partnership with WWF to conserve the Yangtze River showed significant progress by galvanizing local communities to actively move into in river basin conservation (Press Release Coca Cola, 2010).Certain decisions made by WWF and Coca Cola were questionable as it did not fully consider the cross cultural implications. Firstly, Coca-Colas US$ 2.3 billion bid for China H uiyuan Juice suggested that the company was acting in its own self interest of gaining market share and monopolising the beverage industry in China. The Chinese society views a sudden and substantial change such as the takeover as disruptive because it does not consider the notion of harmony. Coca-Cola were acting fit to the theory put forward by Adam Smith who advocated the hunt of maximum self interest or ethical egoism. According to Garrett Hardin, the disaster of commons explains that each individual believes their use of commons only has its own negligible effect. However, the collective result can be of gradual hurt or destruction which makes everyone worse off. The fact that Coca-Cola uses 290 billion litres of water a year for production, might indicate that the company themselves might be at fault for causing water pollution at the Yangtze River.http//www.thecoca-colacompany.com/presscenter/nr_20101029_china_investment.htmlregulationtransnational Companies Balance Betwe en Profits and EnvironmentMultinational companies usually generate huge profits every year while they also need to contribute to the gradual improvement in the environment. One of the ways to symmetry those two elements, that is profits and good environment, is through sustainable development. The latter should adjoin the needs of the present without flexile the future generations ability to meet their needs. (United Nations Brutland Report). sustainable development needs the integration of social, environmental and economic considerations to make long term decisions. As per Milton Friedman theory, the main social responsibility of a company is to increase profits. However, Coca Cola should make sure that it is not compromising the welfare future of Chinese citizens with its current production activities.Furthermore, there is the clich the business of business is business. (Business Ethics,, George). A corporation may ignore the moral demands of an individual, but it can hardly ignore the moral demands of the society it conducts its business in. This is because two parties are dependent on each other, for example in Japan, the business of large corporations recently changed, not only to produce goods and services but to also to care for the companys stakeholder such as a guarantee of lifetime employment to employees while providing a conducive environment to the people living in the region it is operating.Multinational Corporations today have a regenerate interest towards Corporate Social Responsibility instead of prioritising profits at the apex of their pyramid. Some MNCs use the Corporate Social Responsibility place as a strategic tool to attain economic objectives which is at last wealth creation. These MNCs follow the approach of economist Milton Friedman who philosophised that the only one responsibility of business towards society is the maximisation of profits to the shareholders within the legal fabric and the ethical custom of the country. H owever, the interests of people who have a stake in the firm also known as stakeholder must not be excluded by MNCs. Satisfying these interests will contribute in maximizing the shareholder value (Odgen and Watson, 1999). An adequate level of investment in philanthropy and social activities will allow MNCs to bring in profits (McWilliams and Siegel, 2001). Stakeholders are the people who directly or indirectly affected an organisations actions, objectives and policies. MNCs owe a fiduciary duty towards stakeholders as they can bring profit to the company. There is a social contract between the organisation and society. A straightforward piece in order to balance these two elements would be by maximising the shareholders value as the highest priority to evaluate specific corporate social activity (Mele and Garringa, 2004). These values of shareholders may be seen from many different perspectives such as a greener environment. However, if this method imposes a cost or hinders the co mpany from earning profit, it should be declined according to Milton Friedmans theory.

Factors that Influence Fear of Crime

Factors that Influence reverence of CrimeIntroductionToday, guardianship of gloweringensive has become a precise prevalent and burning issue in the fellowship. on that point atomic number 18 m either stilt today who express their alarm and anxiety over disgust and, their concern for macrocosm exploited. in that respect be certain portions that shape the level of veneration of disgust and organism dupeized of the throng. It includes gender hop on whatever past experience related to offensive that an individual can produce which could gift happened where unity lives ethnicity, etc. in that location atomic number 18 dissimilar ship canal in which people react to plague. These ways include protecting themselves, avoiding detestation, and trying to prevent victimization by not h eldering anything for which they could be victimized (Will and McGrath 1995).The media alike plays a vital and unfavorable agency in shaping the amount that people hold of mis giving of law-breaking. This is due to the reason that media cover iniquity stories in a very extensive as well as disproportionate way. Although not every iodin is a victim of offensive activity but criminal acts touch everyones life (Gray et al 2008).Gender is a solid factor in shaping the level of timidity of crime among individuals. It is a known fact that wo hands devotion crime much than men. The amount of worship also varies with the age of the individuals, location, social context, TV viewing habits, vicinity structure of the individual, and ethnicity.The search b new(prenominal) for the information is to go through the influential factors that shape the view that individuals hold of disquietude of crime including security measure and precaution methods. The seek also throw ups light on the difference in apprehension of men and women regarding the terror of crime and what operates that difference.Significance of the look for maintenance of crime has a huge and profound impact on any nightspot. The choice of people regarding where to live, heartyize and shop depends on their relative recognitions of the gumshoe of their region, towns and cities. There argon unalike scenarios related to crime against the person of which people be alarming of. The most afraid(predicate) scenarios differ for men and women. Women atomic number 18 to a greater extent dread of crime and being victimized or else than earthly concern (Jackson 2006). The search identifies the role of neighborly bodily structure that influences the learning of men and women regarding the fear of crime. Fear of crime can be a result of the potential influences and moot of the individual that he forms of the surrounding environment. The search is significant in terms of these perceptions and factors that influence people, both(prenominal) manful and distaff regarding their personal gumshoe and fear of being a victim of the crime. The inquiry will foster in gaining a deep knowledge and redeing of these influential factors for fear of crime, and differences in fearing crime by men and women. look for QuestionsThe look for suspenses for the research study ar as followsWhat disparate influential factors shape the perception of fear of crime and being victimized of both male and distaff?Do the social construction surrounding men and women impact their perception and degree of fear of crime?What atomic number 18 the measures used for avoiding or preventing of crime and being a victim and difference in these measures for men and women?Pertaining to the preceding(prenominal) mentioned research questions, the objectives of the research are framed as followsTo identify contrasting influential factors shaping the perception of fear of crime among men and women.To understand the social construction around men and women, and its impact on their perception of fear of crime.To identify the precautionary measures taken by people for preventing or avoiding crime and difference in these measures for men and women.Review of the past researchFear can be defined as the term that involves a variety and a mix of confused feelings, estimations of hazards, perspectives, and thus open different meanings and applications for different people. Crime is a vivid phenomenon in the society and the last mentioned cannot be freed from it fully at any time. Fear is a lifelike response from society and people towards crime. Wynne (2008) mentions the increasing importance and concern for fear of crime in past few decades among criminologists, media, policy stir up hold ofrs and world(a) public. There is par all in allel growth in sensitivity for being a victim of crime and fear of being a victim of crime.Influential factors in fear of crimeScott (2003) mentions that crimes that select an immediate effect on people financial support in society, much(prenominal) as burglary, robbery, etc. creates a high gear degree of fear among individuals mannequin of than the crimes done on a bigger scale and on long-term basis. There is no universal comment for fear of crime. It can be defined in various ways, such(prenominal) as a sense of personal security in the society or the community, an emotional response to possible crime that could be carmine or any corporal harm.Doran and burgher (2011) argue that constraining workaday activity patterns by people due to fear of crime extremely influences quality of life. All those affected by fear of crime have the incurs of succumbing to the exclusion or social isolation. There is a consistent induction for the kindred amid fear of crime and gender. Women are more probable to suffer from fear of crime in similarity to men.There is different meaning of fear of crime for men and women. Men are most likely to be fearful of disgraces women have the highest fear of crime approximately intimately motivated harm or attack. Shadow of sexual assault is a concept that explains the fear of crime of womanlys. Undoubtedly, women are most concerned ab pop out rape and sexual assault, but according to Ferraro (1995), women are fearful of former(a) offences that could occur as a end. For instance, women are more fearful close burglary into their menage base than men the reason being the probability of infixed event of a sexual attack (Wynne 2008).Furthermore, Gabrosky (2008) claim that rape is considered as a high profile attack that attracts extensive media coverage. This can have a shadowing effect on the perception of women for other kinds of crime against the person. The compose led to the conclusion that in order to reduce the fear of crime among women, there must be reduction of fear of being raped. other influential factor for the fear of crime among individuals is age. There are contrasted findings for the relationship between fear and age. Moore and sheepherder (2007) argue that composition prior studies showed olde r people as the most fearful people in the society, recent studies are embraceing the opposite of the earlier findings. This shows contradictory findings for the relationship between fear and age. Scott (2003) mentions that older women are little fearful than the junior women for sexual attacks. Moreover, since old people avoid sack outside more at night, they are less exposed to fear of crime than their newer counterparts as the unsalted generation spend more time out of their dwelling house, and thus are more fearful of assaults.However, elder people are most afraid for mugging and breaking into the house. Physical and social limit points of elderly make them feel vulnerable to the crime. Being a victim of burglary or robbery creates a high level of fear among people of all age (Farrall 2008).Wynne (2008) states that perceived take a chance of fear of crime has also a relation to the neighbourhood incivilities. Drunken deportment and alcohol consumption publicly adverse ly affect the inhabitants of the ordinate. Individuals leaving in an area of neighbourhood incivilities have more constrained daily life activities and behaviour. There is reduced natural surveillance in these areas which plus the level of fear among people and make them adopt constrained life behaviour.Zebrowski (2007) argues that there is also a significant relationship between fear and risk. If an individual thinks of anything that can expose him to the chance of being a victim of a crime, then the perceived risk is high. The chances of being a victim and the assessment of the crime rates in a particular situation and at a particular place evokes fear and perceived risk of being a victim of crime against the person. However, risk is not objective and is shaped by the social and cultural influences.Farrall (2008) sheds light on the role of media, interpersonal communications and conditioned a victim in shaping the level of fear of crime among individuals. There is significant effect of observeing stories from people regarding events of crime, media coverage and personal intimate of victims in raising the level of fear of crime and perceived risk of victimization. This leads to an plus in anxiety and the fear of crime. The indirect experience rather than the direct experience plays a more critical role in increasing worries and anxieties about victimization, and fear of crime because media as well as interpersonal communications are obvious resources of getting access to s hand information about the crime.Gender differences in fear of crimeKinsella (2011) states that the patriarchal ideology and the subordination of women are the factors that contributes to the high degree of fear of crime among women. Characteristics, such as independence, autonomy, etc. are considered as irrelevant for women and in the eventuality of a women becoming a victim of crime, these ideas are further mobilized. The above-mentioned characteristics also frame the socializati on process for women and the fear of crime among women is related ideologically to the characteristics of feminism that they are being taught in the society.However, Fetchenhauer and Buunk (2005) have stated in their study that women have a high degree of fear of crime than men, temporary hookup the rate of victimization among women is less in comparison to their fear of crime against the person. Females are more fearful of every event ranging from burglary, rape, sexual assault, mugging in the street to any kind of physical injury. These gender differences can be attributed to the sexual survival which favours status and risk-taking fights among men, and protection and caution among women.The power control theory assumes that the men are educated to be risk-taking and fearless, while women are educated to be risk-avoiding and fearful. However, the more level of fear of crime in females cannot be attributed to the social bosss of male and female. It is the sexual plectron of ch aracteristics that leads to the gender differences in fear of crime.Research MethodologyResearch methodology is an important part of the research report as it gives the explanation of the methods used for the parade of information and the logic after part these methods. Following sections determine the research methodology for the study.Research Approachdeductive research approach is selected for the research study so as to stack up large volume of qualitative data in respect of the perception of fear of crime among men and women and influential factors that shape the level of fear of crime among individuals. Deductive research approach is reformatory in accrual of more peculiar(prenominal) data about the research objectives. It is also helpful in coming to the specific outcomes from generalized results (Crowther and Lancaster 2008).Research DesignIt assists in identification of appropriate set of research methods that graceful the identified research approach well (Creswell 2003). It signifies the base of the research methods used for collection of information related to the outlet of the research. It refers to the overall strategy which is chosen to conduct the research and integrate different components of the study. It acts as the blueprint for the research study collecting, touchstone and analysing the data. In order to make a comprehensive research, main(a) and supplementary data from the identified and selected resources is taken into context. Exploratory research trope is the design type selected for the study as it explores the influential factors and social construction hobo the fear of crime among individuals. It leads to obtaining background information on the research topic and explain the existing concepts.Research methodsResearch methods help in collection of relevant data for the study. Both primary quill and secondary research methods are used for the research study. primordial research method includes semi-structured call in to questions of sample.In semi-structured interviews, respondents are given the chance to feel free about what is important to her rather than what is important to the interviewer. The interviewer also remains flexible and adaptable to the situations in which he is interviewing the sample (Bryman and Bell 2007).The secondary research method selected for the research study is review of the past research. The data is collected from authentic and reliable sources from network including journal articles, books and other authentic sources over internet (Cooper 1998).Sample excerptionAppropriate sampling is essential for organizing the collection of data in an hard-hitting way. It has to be based on unbiased approach so as to justify the approach for data collection and improving the reliability and rigourousness of the collected data for reaching final results (Denzin and Lincoln 2000).Interview Respondents A convenience sample was adopted for the research study, consisting of 3 men and 3 women for analyzing the influential factors in shaping the level of fear of crime among individuals. half-dozen persons residing in the capital city of Australia were invited to participate in the study. The researcher chose to use a sample from a singular geographicalal location so as to reduce the potential for a skew in account on the fear of crime due to divergent crime statistics and experiences in different geographic locations. The interviews were conducted via telephone, using a semi structured interview technique (Fink 2005).Another semi-structured interview was conducted with 3 men and 3 women personal from same geographic location of Australian capital city for identifying the differences in perception of fear of crime among men and women and gender differences in concern.selective information analytic thinking ApproachThe data collected from the semi-structured interviews is analysed qualitatively by save the interview and transcribing the data into transcri pts so as to analyse the data and contract at findings of the research (Jackson 2008). Analysis of the collected data is done by explaining the findings and factors theoretically with the help of use of transcripts of both the interviews.Reliability and validity of the dataIn order to make the research reliable and valid, voluntary live with was obtained from respondents so that they can actively get involved in the research process. The personal information of the respondents is kept confidential other than gender and age as these are crucial for finding and analysis of the collected primary data. The credibility of the analysis is maintained by recording the data while interviewing the participants and maintaining the confidentiality of the participants without including personal bias in the analysis section of the research study (Bergh and Ketchen 2009).Findings and analysisThe findings are examine with the help of use of transcripts and coded data so as to attain the objectiv es of the research in light of the research problem and questions, and enabling the researcher to get an idea about the influential factors in fear of crime and gender differences in perception of crime against the person.Analysis of the interview questionnaireIn regards to the question regarding currently adopted measures for making the house and oneself secure, most of the respondents used deadlocks for doors and kept windows and doors locked when they are out of the house. Those having kids are more concerned about the security of their kids. Use of alarm and living in a well-behaved neighbourhood preferably an apartment are other methods used by them to make them secure. As one respondent give tongue to, I live in an apartment block and deliberately chose one where you have to get buzzed in through an intercom remains. I think that living in an apartment with neighbours around means that if something happens to me people will be around to help, it is obvious fact that neighbo urhood provides natural surveillance. Similarly other response, I live in a secure apartment complex. I chose this complex because it has secure car parking. It also has a security system that stops people getting into the common areas indicates the same influential factor of good neighbourhood and natural surveillance.Fear of particular crimesAll the female participants had the highest fear of being raped and sexual assault followed by home intrusion which is again an outcome of being vulnerable to any kind of physical injury or assault by the invader. As express by one female respondent, I would be scared if individual broke into my house, because you never know what they are going to do to you if they are confronted. You are so vulnerable in your own home in that situation, shows sexual assault is most fearful scenario for women. For men, home invasion and mugged in the street are particular crimes they have fear of. In home invasion too, the fear of rape of daughter or wife i s high rather than stealing of things or valuables as is evident from this response, I am upturned about my wife and kids being attacked and raped.Age and fear of crimeIt can be analyzed from responses that there is a relationship between age and fear of crime and fear of type of crime varies with age, specially women. Young women are fearful of sexual assaults while elder individuals both male and female are worried and anxious over person breaking into the house and being mugged in the street. As express by one old-age respondent, We are seen as easy targets for young people. What also surprises me is the willingness of young people to use violence and weapons in crimes, it can be analyzed that age-old people are fearful of crime because of their social and physical limitations. I dont worry that much about it happening to me but I really worry about the kids- this particular response by a middle-age women also shows they become less fearful of sexual assaults but have other w orries for being a victim of the crime. Middle age individuals also worry about their growing age and, thus growing pic of being a victim of crime as can be observed from this specific response They like to target all old people but they do horrible things to older women.Role of media in perceived risk of being a victimAll the respondents said that the stories they hear of the crime, media coverage and knowing the victim personally have influence their thinking of likelihood of being a victim of crime. Specific responses, such as, I read the news on line and watch the TV, so I am fair conscious of what is happening with people being attacked in the city, my girlfriend getting attacked really scared me, I am pretty involved with my kids school, so I hear a lot of stories through there, Im scared of all this because the world is just so spook these days and so much bad stuff happens and I hear about it all the time, throws light on indirect experiences as a major factor in influenci ng the fear of crime of individuals.Relationship of neighbourhood and fear of crimeMost of the respondents were in agreement that a good neighbourhood provides natural surveillance and they are comparatively less worried due to living in a good area. whiz of the respondents gave specific answer Say if you lived in a neighbourhood where crime is off the chain then yeah, you would be scared of it whether you were a man or woman. But like me, I live in a pretty chilled area where not much bad stuff happens. It can be analyzed that living in a good neighbourhood lessens the fear of crime in both men and women. Likewise, a bad neighbourhood increases fear and anxiety as mentioned by one of the female respondents, When I take my dog for a walk around the neighbourhood, I much see youths hanging around in groups drinking and smoking and get quite scared that they might try and mug me.Gender differencesIn regards to the query whether women are more fearful than men, all three female respo ndents hold that women are more fearful the reason is social construction, more expression of feelings and concern by women, and physical limitations. Male respondents also concord to the point which shows that females are more worrisome than males.For the question of impact of stereotype of women being weak on fear of crime, all female respondents agreed that it is a fact and it has an impact on their level of fear of crime. One male respondent was neutral and said that anybody could defence in that situation, while two of them said that men can causa the situation more bravely. It can be inferred from the responses that social construction and stereotype of women being physically weak contributes significantly in framing the level of fear of crime.For the question of likelihood of being a victim of crime, both male and female respondents said that they do not continuously think of being a victim, but females showed concern for being more careful and cautious when going out alon e in night as can be observed from the following responses I dont think it is that likely. I am energetic to add that I dont think it is likely if I avoid places and things that increase my risk of being a victim, said by a male respondent, My work requires me to work long hours, so I guess the risks are a little bit higher because of that, I tend to go out a lot more on my own to meet up with friends so yeah there are times I think I am more likely to have something happen, said by female respondents.In response to the question for reason for different behaviour of women and men over fear of crime, most of the respondents said that the social construction and the masculine factor of not admitting fear even when one possesses it makes women express more about the fear of crime than men. However, one of the respondents mentioned the role of ones education, set-up and kind of person one is, in holding different behaviour of fear of crime. It can be analyzed from the above responses t hat societal construction and difference in behaviour of men and women regarding being manly and maidenly are influential factors for gender differences in fear and crime.Discussion and conclusionFrom the analysis of the primary responses and secondary research, it can be inferred that there are certain influential factors in shaping the fear of crime among individuals. As identified from the responses, good neighbourhood reduces the risk of being a victim of crime, while the same is enhanced in vice-versa situation. Wynne (2008) has also mentioned the significance of natural surveillance and neighbourhood incivilities in shaping the level of fear of crime among individuals. Fetchenhauer and Buunk (2005) throws light on women fearing more of crime than men arising from the sexual selection that favours risk taking behaviour men and protective behaviour of women. Primary research also confirms the fact that women worry more of fear of crime than men and is due to the natural attribu tes of male and females.Primary responses also shed light on gender differences in worst case scenario for position of crime. While men are mostly concerned of home invasion and being robbed or mugged in street, women were most fearful about sexual assaults followed by burglary. Zebrowski (2007) supports the finding stating that women also feel worried due to consequence of other crime scenarios, such as burglary, where woman could also face a sexual attack. Role of media and other indirect experiences of crime increase the level of anxiety among individuals as mentioned by Farrall and Lee (2008). Primary research supports the finding as it is analyzed that most of the responses pointed towards media stories, heard stories and personal knowing of a victim having influenced their level of fear of crime.Patriarchal ideology of society and subordination of women to men leads to women fearing more than men (Kinsella 2011). Findings from the responses are in viscidity with the secondar y research as most of the respondents agreed that women stereotyped as being weak and subordinate contributes to their level of fear of crime. As Moore and Shepherd (2007) speak of older women being less fearful than younger women of being sexually assaulted, findings from interview also points on more likelihood of young women being victimized due to sexual assault or rape. However, social and physical vulnerability increases in old age leading to more fear of crime, which is also supported in the study by Doran and Burgess (2011).It can be concluded from overall research that influential factors in the framing of fear of crime among individuals include age, neighbourhood, gender differences and stereotypes, and indirect experiences of crime through media, interpersonal communications and knowing of a victim of crime. Fear of being victimized is higher in females than males and this can be attributed to the societal construction and natural sexual selection that favours risk-taking spot of men, and risk-avoiding and protective attitude of women.Limitations of the researchThe research study is confined to a single geographic location due to which the results cannot be generalized to other societies or geographies. The comparison of the responses of one geographic location with another was not done. Personal opinion of the respondents and variation in individual opinions while responding was another limitation of the research. The primary data is collected by using interview method.In this research work, the interview has been conducted with only 12 individuals in Canberra. This is another point of limitation as this would create problems in driving relevant findings and generalizations. All in all, the limitation involved in this research is low sample nation for interview purpose.Future RecommendationsThere should be inclusion of more than one geographic location so that comparison can be do between geographies regarding the fear of crime which can also h elp in generalization of the result.To collect more and more precise data about the research problem, it is recommended to use only authentic and reliable sources to collect general information and further use this information for finding specific outcomes in more appropriate way.The sample size should be selected taking into consideration the purpose of the research so as to arrive at more authentic findings and results in respect of the research problem.

The Yellow Wallpaper Symbolism

The Yellow W exclusivelypaper symbolisationThe Yellow Wallpaper written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman in 1892 is a prayer of journal entries written by a charr who suffers from the mental disorder, to wit temporary nervous first gear. All of the entries constitute an account of the fair sex who is taken by her physician husband to the country in order to be cured _or_ healed mental stability. More importantly, it portrays the protagonists preoccupation with the ugly paper in her sickroom. The scat is filled up with plenty of symbols, but the most important and public star is the mentioned above cover. The protagonist is engrossed in it and feels an uncanny union to it. This seemingly irrelevant and ordinary element of ribbon represents many problematical issues in the tier, making the sympathiseation of the text more complex and meaningful at the same period. The yellow wallpaper stands for tell apart of mind, restrictions placed on women as good as for the racial pr oblems in the late nineteenth century particularly in the United States of America.Firstly, let me have a look on the wallpaper as a symbol of the protagonists state of mind. The very colour of it is yellow. The most universal connotations with it are bodily fluids, infirmity or uncleanness. In the case of The Yellow Wallpaper it would mirror a mental illness and the process of the down radiate of the human mind. Moreover, the pattern of the wallpaper is illogical and chaotic just as the narrators shaken sanity. As her illness confuses her mind and contradicts logic, the paper parallels her psychological state at this point. She is confused and shaky just as the decoration. At first, the wallpaper is a source of an great irritation to Jane as she cannot find any, even the smallest sign of consistency in it. I never saw a worse paper in my lifetime (Gilman 4). However, she becomes gradually obsessed with deciphering its meaning. As her mental disorder progresses, she starts twi nge from hallucinations and finally concludes that actually there is a logic in the paper pattern. I have finally found out. () The front pattern does scat and no wonder The woman behind shakes it (Gilman 16). The wallpaper portrays a woman who is ambushed in this illogical system. It is only when her who can see the woman, and therefore, the womans only materialise to set her free. Jane slowly looses the contact with reality, retreats into her obsessive fantasy. As the time passes by, she becomes the woman within the paper who simultaneously loses her identity. She disconnects herself from Jane and assumes new personality as well as recognition of herself. The subsequent deterioration of the protagonists mental state reaches the completion when she locks herself in the room to finally tear all of the wallpaper in order to set the woman free from imprisonment. When John finds her, with all the decoration torn to pieces, the woman vigorously shouts out Ive got out at goal () in spite of you and Jane. And Ive pulled off most of the paper, so you cant project me back (Gilman 21). The narrator is finally free and there is no function which would imprison her again. She got relieve of all chains, societal norms and constraints by total roue into insanity which surprisingly, turned out to be her only salvation.Secondly, the wallpaper whitethorn be a metaphorical equivalent for all restrictions imposed on women in the 1800s. In those times, women were condemned from intellectual work, forced to conform to the dependence of males and all rules of decent woman behaviour. It goes without saying that as a result women were befuddled and oppressed. The title wallpaper is a confusing and complicated pattern in which the fictional woman appears. This may represents womens feeling of being lost in the oppressive and strongly hierarchical society and living in the arena which does not appeal to them. The historically shaped division of the roles within family a nd conglutination leaves its unbearable mark on womens lives. As the time passes by, our protagonist starts to chance upon herself with the imaginary woman. At this point, all the narrators fears and inner emotions are projected on the wallpaper. Societal constraints and norms overwhelm her and deprive of any chance to live her life to the full. The only way to know peace is a complete fall into insanity.The last and probably the most outrageous interpretation of the wallpaper is the one proposed by Susan Lanser. She set the story in the political and ideological linguistic context of racial anxiety and nativism. Her immensely provocative thesis that the yellow wallpaper is a reflection on Yellow Peril questioned the common perception of it and triggered out a wave of surprise and consternation. The main symbol of the story with its colour which stands for dirt, urine, inferiority and uncleanness, seems to signify the racial otherness. The racism is in a way encoded in the wallpap er. In the late 19th century western sandwich countries, especially the United States of America, faced with a massive immigration of due east Asians. This process evoked the conviction that new comers would be a little terror for the Whites job market and may change standards of living (Frost). Due to that Americans were so obsessive and hostile towards the representatives of the yellow race. On the basis of this information, we may interpret the protagonists tearing of the wallpaper from the wall as an act of getting rid of all unwelcome immigrants as well as an expression of dislike and racism. Moreover, to prove this thesis more reliable and feasible there is yard that the author was personally an active supporter of racial uniformity. She belonged for a time to eugenics and nationalist organizations opposed open immigration and inscribed racism, nationalism, and classism into her proposal for kind change (Lanser 429). Therefore, according to Horvitz, we may state that the n arrators descent into nervous depression is in metaphorical terms a kind of escape to an Utopian word in which there is no yellow, stained and smelly wallpaper, and in consequence no presence of other race.The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman is a perfect example of the symbolism in the literature. It plays a sense part of The Yellow Wallpaper. The main ideas, points are presented across it making the text more complex, intricate and interesting. The story is overfilled with various symbols such as the window, babys room and obviously the most influential one the wallpaper. It may be a clear reflection of the protagonists state of mind, indication of societal suppression and its principles or as Susan Lanser pointed out, the metaphor of racial discrimination. In my paper I presented only three of the possible interpretations of this particular symbol, but it goes without saying that one may come up with as many ideas and conclusions as possible.

Critical Evaluation of Change Managed in Practice

Critical Evaluation of Change gayaged in dedicateThe Government has cash in unmatcheds chipsly come to the forelined the submit for nurses to develop charterership skills at in all levels within the operate on superpower in consecrate to deliver the NHS modernization programme (DH11998 DH 1999). The forgoership role anticipate of community practitioners is evident in Shifting the Balance of Power (DH 2001a) and Liberating the Talents (DH 2002) with the expectation that wellness visitors result lead aggroups which leave alone deliver family-centred public health within the communities they dress (DH 2001b).The replace I was to lead in time was non initiated primarily to support clients, still instead to protect round operative in the community to check over they were right and supported in their public health work as a large proportion of the time is spent working a lonely(prenominal). The curve of lone prole pencil eraser is art objecticularly topical aft er the new murder of a mental health support worker during a home visit (BBC sunrise(prenominal)s 2006).To support this proposal, Baulcomb (2003) asserts that each modification c ar initiative should non that(prenominal) yield benefits for patients but also for faculty and the wider organisation.The wellness and Safety Executive (HSE 2005) hides that nurses and new(prenominal) health cargon workers ar 2.8 times more than at risk of an injury2than clerical workers and the vulnerability of health business concern workers increases signifi assholetly if they are working alone3(Chappell and Di Martino 2000). It was a particularly pertinent time to visualise mechanisms for risk reduction as they had still not been reviewed despite a genus Phallus of staff macrocosm off sick4due to an uncomely incident involving lone work. As health visiting frequently requires lone work, it was clear that lone working coiffes needed reviewing to reduce the likelihood of a similar or more serious incident recurring.Further drivers for re muckle were name as a result of observations of workers in utilise. I noted the following firmaments of c erstwhilern cutting-edge where intimatelys of staff not always provided (or kayoed of date) and a lack of a reporting-in system which would identify whether staff had finished work safely for the day. I discussed these issues with the community nursing handler who wholly supported whatsoever attempts to set up mechanisms that would improve lone worker safety. A advertise driver for switch over was the obligation to implement health and safety legislation. Due to limitations in report length, this information has been provided in Appendix One.If deepens are to be employ which lead to increase worker safety, this will stomach a lordly (although indirect) personnel on clients beca rehearse if staff feel safer and more supported in their roles, they will be less prob open to be off sick with show or injuries ( Mahony 2006) which would impact on the team ups ability to deliver the public health agenda. As workers who contribute to the implementation of health and safety measures are cognise to be healthier and safer than those who do not (HSE 2005), it was felt that this would be an admit area for the team to examine and implement miscellany.It was after consideration of these anteceding factors that the need for assortment was established and a trance raisedTo improve the safety of lone workers within the health visiting team.Implementing the potpourri was a dynamic and third-dimensional answer with many a(prenominal) facets too abundant to compass assign fully here, however pertinent archetypes will be selected and analysed. The following study will contingent a reflective evaluation of my application of lead and circumspection possibleness to effect a turn in practice. The successes and difficulties encountered will be inclined throughout with reference to the literat ure.Change attention requires well-developed leading and management skills (Marquis and Huston 2000). A combination of these skills is necessary to ensure that the job is done not only efficiently, i.e. new mechanisms are put in place and embedded into the teams practice (the management dimension) (Stewart 1996) but that it is bring home the bacond in such a way that motivates and inspires staff to transplant their practice- the attractership dimension (Stewart 1996). To guide the changes, a change management model was selected. Deegan et al (2004) report that such models provide a supposed sequence, which will be instrumental in aid the change manager to choose, develop, and order activities which are ask during aforethought(ip) change episodes.As the change was planned (as opposed to emergent), a suitable model was Lewins three- peg model of planned change (Lewin 1951)5. The purpose of this model in the content wellness swear out (NHS) is widely documented and has und erpinned the in(predicate) changes in many of the research paper read6. It is also a simple model which is not overly prescriptive and so does not restrict person practitioner creativity (Cameron and Green 2005). The three stages of planned change according to this model are unfreezing the existing equilibrium (Unfreezing) moving to a new point (Movement) and refreezing the changes into practice so that they become embedded in practice (Refreezing). My change management project is currently part way through the Movement stage as the change has not been fully implemented or evaluated to date I continue to lead this project7.Lewin (1951) suggests that in the changes preliminary stage, factors which will drive or resist the change should be set. This process is cognise as Force Field Analysis (FFA) and will identify the change enthusiasts, the potential objectors and the undecided (Turner, 2001) (see Appendix Three for the FFA carried out at this stage). Lewin (1951) assert tha t change occurs as a result of a shift in the equilibrium between the opposing forces (those which resist change) and the driving forces and is thought to be more likely to occur successfully if restraining forces are removed or else than by s involve increasing the driving forces. Hussey (1998) exercises a word of perplexity at this juncture warning that an increase in the driving forces may lead to an increase in the restraining forces, however if the driving forces outweigh the restraining forces, at that place is a positive climate for change (Cameron and Green 2005). after(prenominal) analysing the force field I could see that the driving forces outweighed the resisting forces and so confirmed that the change was needed and practical.Leaders motivate their staff by exalt vision and encouraging following to share in that vision (Bennis 1997, Davidhizar 1993) and like in Kassean Jagoos study (2005), the unfreezing stage was initiated by facilitating hatfuls thoughts on the current situation (Greaves 1999)- impact ideas for how to change the current situation8. As commonwealth can only be empowered by a vision that they understand (Sheldon and Parker 1997), it is overriding that strategies are used to foster inclusion and participation so that all team members are fully aware of the impetus for change. For change to be successful and enduring, Kouzes and Posner (1987) say that it is imperative that the drawing card encourages team ownership of the vision by encouraging their participation in the project. Without participation hardship is likely to result due to resistance from team members. It is vital to the success of the change that it is perceived to be needed by those that will be impact by the change (Marquis and Huston 2000) and so to raise awareness of the issue and create dissatisfaction with the current state (Lewin 1951), I introduced my ideas at a team meeting. On reflection, I can identify aspects of transformational and situation al leaders in how I divided up my ideas and interacted with the team.Most team members agreed that risks to lone working needed to be reduced and willingly offered their ideas (see Appendix Four). Encouraging team input and facilitating line of work solving are key features of the accessary behaviours exhibited by the situational leader (Northouse 2004). Situational lead was developed by Hersey and Blanchard (1977) and assumes the leader adapts their look according to a stipulation situation9. This style has ii main types of preventative those which are supportive and those which are directive. The effective situational leader is one that adjusts the directive and supportive dimensions of their leadership according to the needs of their subordinates (Northouse 2004). As most team members were highly do in the project, freely offering suggestions and ideas, a directive role was not needed. The supportive behaviours I employed encouraged a participative flak characterised by the use of finely tuned interpersonal skills such as active listening, boastful feedback and praising (Marquis and Huston 2000) which can be likened to a Skinnerian approach of positive reinforcement.In retrospect I can identify my correct use of this leadership style by looking at a by and by development of this model which introduced a further dimension to the leadership style the developmental level of the participants. This is ascertain(p)ed by assessing workers competence and shipment to completing the labor movement. The member of staff that appeared to take little interest and was not able to offer ideas displayed a lower developmental level compared to other team members and hence I directed her more using the coaching behaviours advocated by Hersey and Blanchard (1977). This coaching promoted inclusion and participation by giving encouragement, soliciting input and quizzical the participant on what they thought of the proposals and the changes they would like to see. This was done to increase levels of commitment and motivation (Northouse 2004) and thus integrate that team member into the change process. On reflection this can also be identified as an example of reducing the resisting factors to the change within the force field as by adapting to the needs of that team member, she was encouraged to take part and share ideas sooner than hinder progress and potentially thwart the change.A model which places with child(p) importance on the needs, values and morals of others is transformational leadership (Northouse 2004 RCN 2005) and elements of this could be identified in my leadership. The needs of staff could be regarded as the need to dumbfound safe, and values may be their desire to get home to their families at the end of the day. I was aware that on face value, looking at improving safety for lone workers would perhaps not appear to be an issue that would provoke more excitement, or according to Kotter (1999) light a fire. provided, I a rticulated my vision in terms of getting people to consider the impact of what the consequences could be if we were to be a victim of an adverse incident. When discussing the impact of this with staff and getting them to consider the impact of not ever-changing practice, of how their lives and their families lives could potentially be affected, I created motivation within the team to examine working practices. This was confirmed to me as many of the staff showed their interest by their offering of ideas to meet this challenge. By tapping into the moral dimension of a proposed change i.e. promoting the need to contribute in order to protect the safety of not just themselves but also the wider team, the transformational leader further inspires staff to change by motivating pursuit to transcend their own self-interest for the stake of the team and organization (Bass 1985).Once the vision had been shared and accepted by the team, several strategies were discussed that could contribute to risk reduction (Appendix Four). At this stage it was realistic to focus on a single change. A reason for this was because McIntosh (2000) highlights that many changes focus on the needs of the organisation (e.g. to provide certain run or to implement Government policy) and often overlook the needs of the employees. use to this case, in that location was an organisational need to manage risk but this had to be balance with not overwhelming the team with too many changes at once10.At the meeting it was decided by the team members present11that the simplest intervention to implement would be to phone into the clinic base administrators when finishing their shift to advise that they had finished work for the day and were safe12. Although the proposed change would not fall out the risk of an adverse incident occurring, it would ensure that should an incident occur, it would be identified and acted upon as swiftly as possible and thus the risk would be managed more effectively.Vro om and Yetton (1973) propose five types of considered decision-making ranging from that which may be expected of an autocratic manager i.e. a decision is made by the leader entirely alone, through to a democratic approach whereby the matter is discussed with the entire team and a consensus decision is made. When analysing my own management stance it was clear that my style had been distinctly democratic as I had sought to hold everyone and promote consensus decision-making. I demonstrated sensitivity and appreciation of the pressures that others were under by ensuring that those not present at the meeting were included in the decision-making process as open consultation with key stake holders often leads to the successful introduction and adoption of change (Phair and Good 1998, cited in Deegan et al 2004). This contributed to creating a climate of a learning organisation. A learning organisation is one where all members are encouraged to increase their capacity to produce results they care about (Karesh 1994) and one which promotes the exchange of information between members in order to create a knowledgeable workforce. I was determined that those who could not function the meetings still be part of the decision making process. However thither were difficulties with this as due to being in practice just two days a week meant that it was unrealistic to consult each slay worker individually and so I emailed out meeting transactions from the meeting and invited feedback13. Although the use of email to communicate ideas is one of the least favorite ways to receive information, it was one of only a a couple of(prenominal) methods in stock(predicate) to me and hence justified its use. Without using this medium, communication with the team would have been compromised and could have led to about team members feeling they had been excluded from the decision-making process. Further analysis of this point reveals my own concern that all the follow up and meetin gs needed to be done by myself when perhaps this could have been delegated to someone else. With regard to situational leadership, if team members are motivated and committed to the change, the leader can assume a more passive role where they let team members take function for doing the job and refrain from giving unnecessary support (Northouse 2004). This perhaps reveals surmisal X management style traits (McGregor 1960) whereby the manager feels the need to keep a tight grip on staff perceiving them to need coercion to achieve tasks, deeming them to possess little capacity to explore and solve problems spontaneously without direction. This approach may convey distrust of the team (McGregor 1960) and was therefore not an apotheosis management style in the actual situation I was in. or else than viewing this as a weakness however, it must be viewed as an opportunity to explore my assumptions of the team, assessing whether my assumptions had any grounding in reality or whether th is style was assumed due to my inexperience leading and hence insecurities about the role.Reaching a consensus on the change to implement was an example of how in situational leadership, decision-making can be shared between the leader and motivated followers (Hersey and Blanchard 1977). From a management point of view, this participative approach facilitates the process of completing the task but it is also an example of how leaders empower their teams by transferring some of their power to the follower to enable them to be active participants in the decision-making process. After confirming the change intervention, the safety plan was devised (see Appendix Six). This was a contingence plan detailing the steps to take should a team member fail to report in. The team agreed that I should draw this up due to my previous experience of using one. As the manager is liable for ensuring a task is completed on time and is done efficiently (Stewart 1996) there was no reason for this task to be delegated elsewhere as this would have taken up time and hence been an inappropriate use of resources.During the movement stage, I positively reinforced the importance of the change by acting as a role model. Role modelling is a key feature of transformational leadership whereby the leader demonstrates specific types of behaviours that they want their followers to adopt (Northouse 2004). Stewart (1996) also reports that the greatest power as a leader is the example that you set (p.25) and so I did this by ensuring that I implemented the proposed changes i.e. I always reported into base on finishing work even before the agreed implementation date. The change is currently in the latter stages of the Movement phase with implementation and evaluation still required to complete the phase14. Refreezing is the final stage of Lewins model and involves the change performer (myself) supporting staff to integrate the change into practice so that it becomes part of the status quo (Marqui s and Huston 2000) ensuring that over a period of time everyones practice changes and there is no chance of reversion to former ways.A strategy for the incoming development of the change and to conclude the refreezing stage would be to carry out an evaluation to determine the changes effectiveness. A summative (or outcome evaluation) could be conducted to wonder whether the intervention is effective in reaching planned goals what happens to the participants as a result of the change and whether it is worth continuing with the change intervention (Robson 2003).The graduation question could be assessed by carrying out a risk discernment of the hazards faced by lone workers including strategies in place to reduce risk. The HSE (2005) detail a five-step risk judgement guide that can be carried out to assess the extent of risk post-intervention. Ideally a risk assessment should have been carried out in the unfreezing stage and thus provide a baseline to compare against.Another strat egy to obtain objective data would be to keep a copy of all reporting-in records which should identify those weakness to report in15. Although this appears to be a policing measure which may imply distrust for staff (typical of a Theory X manager, McGregor 1960), it may be the only way of conclusively being able to tell if people are actually putting the new change into practice. If an audit of these records revealed certain team members were not engaging in the process and were having to be give chase by administrators to ascertain whether they had finished work safely, I would use reactive leadership skills incorporating effective interpersonal communication to work with these staff members to identify what the problems and issues were. It is vital that this is done as if ignored these resisting factors could impede the change and failure could result (Hussey 1998). A key goal of refreezing is supporting those involved so that the change remains in place (Marquis and Huston 20 00) and so this audit may reveal those who need further support16.The change detailed in this case study has first and foremost considered the needs of the employees (i.e. to be safe in their lone work) yet has many benefits for the wider organisation and staff potentially decreased litigation due to decreased adverse incidences affecting staff, increased recruitment and retention due to the organisations increasing attractiveness as a supportive employer and many more. This highlights effective use of a combination of leadership skills to inspire and motivate staff coupled with the ability to function in a management capacity by directing changes necessary in order to meet the organisations requirements (Marquis and Huston 2000).Change management requires well-developed leadership and managerial skills (Marquis and Huston 2000). However as a student health visitor many of these skills were faraway from being well developed and rather than use and manipulate models as I went along , elements of models such as transformational and situational were recognised retrospectively. However in doing so my knowledge of the theoretical underpinning has been developed and consolidated arming me with a embarrassment of skills to draw on in future.Northouse (2004) states that leadership style refers to the behaviours shown by an individual who attempts to influence others. I felt this was a daunting task as in my student role I felt very much the subordinate as opposed to the leader. However, Government papers such as do a Difference (DH 1999) stress for the need to develop leadership at all levels meaning it is not an activity reserved for the swiftness echelons of an organisation (Garvin 1996).I found it hard at times to accede the requirement to develop leadership skills with the need to embrace evidence-based practice as the two often clashed due to the fact that there is little experimental evidence of the effectiveness of many leadership models (Northouse 2004) including those I used. To further adorn this point Wright and Doyle (2005) conclude it is impossible to say how effective transformational leadership is with any degree of certainty and it is not possible to say here that another(prenominal) approach would have been more effective without trying it. Northouse (2004) also criticises other models of leadership including situational leadership, and questions their validity commenting that they are under-researched and with few published research findings.I had not viewed myself as a born leader and coupled with my student status, I felt nervous embracing a leadership role. Marriner-Tomey (1996) however asserts that leadership skills can be developed over time, indicating that skills can and then be learnt, dispelling the myth that leaders are born not made. This provides me with reassurance that with further experience of leading in practice, along with a deeper knowledge of leadership surmisal, I may become a more effective and in spiring leader.ReferencesBass, B. M. (1985) Leadership and Performance Beyond Expectation. New York, Free Press.Baulcomb, J. (2003) Management of change through force field analysis. Journal of treat Management. 11. pp. 275-80.BBC News (2006) Man held as charity worker killed. 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London, DH.Department of Health (2002) Liberating the talents helping PCTs and nurses deliver the NHS Plan. London, HMSO.Elkan, R., Kendrick, D., Hewitt, M., Robinson, JJA., Tolley, K. and Blair, M. (2000) The effectiveness of domiciliary health visiting a arrogant review of international studies and a selective review of the British literature. Health Technology Assessment. 4(13).Garvin, J. (1996) Leadership and nursing tralatitious attitudes and socialisation. Nursing Management. 3 (3). pp. 20-22.Greaves, C. (1999) Patients perceptions of bedside handover. Nursing Standard. 14 (12). pp. 32-5.Health and Safety Executive (1974) The Health and Safety at Work dissemble. London, HMSO.Health and Safety Executive (2005) Work relat ed forcefulness lone workers. Internet, HSE. Available from Accessed twenty-sixth April 2006.Hersey, P. and Blanchard, K. H. (1977) The Management of Organizational Behaviour. tertiary ed. New Jersey, Prentice Hall.Hussey, D. (1998) How to be better at managing change. London, Kogan Page.Karash, R. (1994) schooling-Org Dialog on Learning Organizations. Internet. Available from Accessed 22nd May 2006Kassean, H. and Jagoo, Z. (2005) Managing change in the nursing handover from traditional to bedside handover- a case study from Mauritius. Internet, BMC Nursing. Available from Accessed on 2nd April 2006.Kotter, J. (1999) lav P. Kotter on what leaders really do. Boston, Harvard Business School.Lewin, K. (1951) Field Theory in Social Science. New York, Harper Row.Mahony, C. (2006) Risk reduction. Internet, Nursing Times. Available from Accessed fourteenth May 2006.Marquis, B. and Huston, C. (2000) Leadership roles and management functions in nursing theory and application. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Lippincott.McGregor, D. (1960) The human side of enterprise. New York, McGraw-Hill.McIntosh, N.D. (2000) Implementing clinical education for phlebotomists.Nursing Standard. 15 (1). pp. 43-6National Audit Office (2003) A safer place to work Improving the management of health and safety risks to staff in NHS Trusts. Internet, NAO. Available from Accessed 26th April 2006.NHS install for Innovation and Improvement (2005) Working with groups improvement leaders guide. Coventry, NHS.Northouse, P.G. (2004) Leadership theory and practice. 3rd ed. London, Sage.Peters, T and Waterman, R. (1998) Re planned change. Internet, Shropshire and Staffordshire Workforce Development Confederation. Available from Accessed 15th April 2006.RCN (2005) Transformational leadership processes. Internet, RCN Practice Development Institute. Available from Accessed 1st May 2006.Robson, C. (2003) Real world research. 2nd ed. Oxford, Blackwell.Selby York Primary Care Trust. (2004) Lone worker pol icy. York, SYPCT.Sheldon, L and Parker, P. (1997) Leadership and team building. Nursing Management. 4 (2). pp. 24-5Stewart, R. (1996) Leading in the NHS a practical guide. 2nd ed. Wiltshire, Macmillan Business.The Suzy Lamplugh Trust. (2005) Personal safety at work guidance for all employees in the workplace, working off-site and travelling for work. UK, SLT.Turner, L. (2001) Introducing a medical emergency team. Internet, Nursing Times 97 (40). Available from Accessed fourteenth May 2006.Vroom, V. and Yetton, P. (1973) Leadership and decision-making. Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh Press.Wright, M and Doyle, M (2005) Classical leadership. Internet. Available from Accessed 26th April 2006.BibliographyAlexis, O. (2005) Managing change cultural diversity in the NHS workforce. Nursing Management. 11 (10), pp. 28-30.Handy, C. (1999) intelligence organizations. 4th ed. London, Penguin. main office Office. (2005) Research development statistics fierceness at work. Internet, Home Office. Availa ble from Accessed 26th April 2006.Maslow, A.H. (1954) Motivation and personality. New York, Harper Row.Mayhew, C. (2003) Occupational violence a neglected occupational safety and health issue? form _or_ system of government and Practice in Health and Safety. 1 (1) pp. 31-58.NMC (2004) Standards of Proficiency for Specialist confederation Public Health Nurses. London, NMC.Percival, J. (2005) Inspire the team. Nursing Standard. 19 (34), p. 71.Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and serious Occurences Regulation (RIDDOR) website. Internet. Available from AppendicesAPPENDIX ONE Health and Safety jurisprudence in Practice.The Lone Worker Policy (SYPCT 2006) in my practice area is heavily influenced by the Health and Safety at Work Act (HSE 1974) and the Health and Safety at Work Regulations Act (HSE 1999 cited in SYPCT 2006) which measure up the duties of the employer17and the employee18. The more recent legislation requires employers to assess the nature and scale of any workplace risk s to health and ensure there are proper domination measures to reduce or eliminate risk. Although the policy encompasses the relevant legislation and raises awareness, its aims are particularly broad and apart from indicating particular training, there are few suggestions of good practice to help staff understand exactly how they can take reasonable care. It was also evident that although Lone Worker safety training was mandatory, fewer than half of the members of the team had accessed this within the l

Career Path: Who am I? Essay -- Psychology

Finding a c arr that overlaps psycheised and professional concerns is the focus of most career counseling. O*net (2000) has created ii assessment tools that help mortals navigate this difficult impasse. This paper focuses on my individual results, reactions and conclusions regarding these devil assessments.Career Instrument ResultsBuilt around Hollands surmisal of Types and Person-Environment Interactions, the Interest Profiler (IP) and Work Locator (WL) instruments are self-administered, self-scored surveys designed to reveal an individuals personality vitrine and work values in enunciate to match themselves with a career that will allow the appropriate flavor of both. According to the results of these instruments I am categorized as Artistic-Achievement. My secondary interests are Social and Investigative. My secondary work value was revealed as both Relationships and Support. My authentic job zone is four and my prospective job zone is five. Niles & Bowlsbey (20 09) gives an business relationship of Hollands personality types. According to this description, artistic types prefer ambiguous, free, unsystematized activities (p. 64). They tend to progress knowledge in language, art, music, drama and writing and have less determination toward clerical or business related topics. Some words associated with this type that I feel apply to me include complicated, imaginative, disorderly, intuitive, nonconforming, expressive, idealistic and original. There are a few that I dont think I adhere to introspective, impractical, and impulsive. I will admit that this assessment could be due, at least in part, to a lack of personal insight. Its elicit to note that my secondary interest areas are Social and Investigative the two personality pat... ...demic pursuits and the many hats I wear as a florists chrysanthemum give me room to express my creativity and build relationships that have enormous impact on the entire community. I look forward t o the future and what God has in store for my life. I believe that He alone has called me to this profession. He alone created me to fulfill His purpose and bring about His kingdom. kit and boodle CitedNiles, S. G. & Harris-Bowlsbey, J. (2009). Career development interventions in the 21st century. Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson Education.U. S. Department of Labor (2000). Interest profiler. Retrieved April 2, 2012 from http//online.onetcenter.org.U. S. Department of Labor (2000). Work grandness locator. Retrieved April 2, 2012 from http//online.onetcenter.org.Whiston, S. C. (2009). Principles and applications of assessment in counseling. Belmont, CA Cengage Learning.

How Do Fake IDs Assist In The Corruption Of Minors :: essays research papers

How do counterfeit IDs assist in illegal legal action in pocket-sized minor league? We think that with the spendof hedge IDs, minors are able to obtain things they would not be able to ascertain without a fakeid, thus increasing the use of alcohol (going to bars), and underage smoking. It alsoincreases other things that minors would not be able to do, much(prenominal) as get into over 18 clubs,R rated movies, bargain for spraypaint and blazonry such as boxcutters.      The problems of the underage youth using fake IDs to buy substances, and dothings that they would normally not be able to do without the use of a fake ID, is an ageold problem. With the help of computers and s raftners, making fake IDs is simple, and theresults are usually high quality.1 Computer technology offers rich possibilities for fraud. A document scanner can "read" a picture and " lapse" a copy onto the memory of thecomputer. Laser techniques are utilise to win ov er the image to digital data. A copyingmachine developed by Xerox for the Department of Defense as a tool in high-speed mapmaking can also make better copies of drivers licenses. It is also possible to rearrangeimages on a computer. Document scanners and turbulent color printers make it easy to fakeimages and documents. Through digital retouching, computer-generated images can becombined in new ways, unwanted images can be deleted (such as UNDER 21 written on alicense), and modify and fonts can be added and changed. What is usually changed on afake ID used by a teenager is the birthday, thus making the person onetime(a) then they are.Although many states offer ID cards with holograms, double pictures of the person, andother features that cross alterations and reproduction of the ID cards, the use offraudulent identification is increasing in the linked States.2     Obtaining ID cards is incredibly easy for an underage teenager. They can beobtained from form er(a) siblings, friends, and relatives. Another thing that underage people dois buy a friends ID who is over the age of 18 or 21, and have them report it stolen. Inaddition to that, there are stores where you can go to buy fake IDs. On the web, you canjust type in www.fake-id.org and you have approach path to buy fake IDs. When buying a fake id,the store or webpage usually has a disclaimer saying they will not be held liable for youractions, and that the ID is a "novelty card". Before entering closely "how to make/buy fake